Data as of Nov 12, 2026

59.64.0.0/12

No anonymizer space

China Education and Research Network Center

Announcement
this exact prefix
No RPKI
Announced by
Type
Business

Residential-proxy exits

Proxy exits
523
0.05% of its addresses · listed by providers
Always-on exits
9
1.7% of its exits
Spread
98 of 4,096
/24s with at least one exit
Providers
76
selling exits here

Proxy providers listing exits

  • 2Captcha
  • 711Proxy
  • Ake.net
  • AnyIP
  • BartProxies
  • BirdProxies
  • BottingTools
  • ByteProxies
  • Byteful
  • CatProxies
  • CliProxy
  • CoreProxy
  • DataImpulse
  • EnigmaProxy
  • FLEETPROXY
  • FlashProxy
  • FlexyProxies
  • FloppyData
  • GSocks
  • GeekProxy
  • Geonix
  • Geonode
  • GonzoProxy
  • HideProxy
  • HydraProxy
  • IPOasis
  • IPPeak
  • IPRoyal
  • Infatica
  • InfiniteProxies
  • LemonLabs
  • LemonPrime
  • LightningProxies
  • LudaxProxy
  • MangoProxy
  • NextProxy
  • NodeMaven
  • NodeProxy
  • NovProxy
  • NovaProxy
  • PROXYSCRAPE
  • PROXYWING_BASIC
  • PSBProxy
  • PacketStream
  • PrivateByte
  • PrivateProxy
  • ProxiesVision
  • Proxiware
  • Proxy-Cheap
  • Proxy-Seller
  • Proxy4U
  • ProxyEmpire
  • ProxyGeo
  • ProxyHat
  • ProxyRack
  • ProxyStyler
  • ProxyWing
  • Proxying
  • Proxyma
  • Q2IP
  • QUANTICDATA
  • RainProxy
  • SPYDERPROXY_BASIC
  • SPYDERPROXY_PREMIUM
  • Shifter
  • Smartproxy
  • SpyderProxy
  • TORCHPROXIES_BASIC
  • TORCHPROXIES_PREMIUM
  • TORCHPROXIES_X
  • VProxy
  • VantageProxies
  • VibeProxies
  • VitalData
  • VitalExclusive
  • VitalProxy

Announcements

Nesting

More-specifics by size

Sized by addresses, colored by each announcement's type. Click a tile with children to zoom in, a leaf to open it.
More specific

Announcements inside

Arrived
PrefixOriginTypeProxy exitsHolderRPKI
59.64.0.0/14
since May 2005
AS4538Business247
2 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.64.0.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.16.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.24.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.32.0/19AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.64.64.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.80.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.96.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.118.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.120.0/22
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.124.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.124.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.125.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.126.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.64.128.0/17AS4538Business112
2 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.65.0.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.32.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.64.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.96.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.112.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.128.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.144.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.160.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.196.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.224.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.65.248.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.66.0.0/16
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business54China Education and Research Network
59.66.0.0/17AS4538Business39China Education and Research Network
59.66.0.0/18
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business13China Education and Research Network
59.66.64.0/18AS4538Business26China Education and Research Network
59.66.128.0/17AS4538Business15China Education and Research Network
59.66.128.0/18AS4538Business3China Education and Research Network
59.66.192.0/18AS4538Business12China Education and Research Network
59.67.0.0/19AS4538Business2China Education and Research Network
59.67.0.0/21AS4538Business2China Education and Research Network
59.67.32.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.48.0/21AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.67.64.0/19AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.67.96.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.112.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.128.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business71China Education and Research Network
59.67.133.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.144.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business3China Education and Research Network
59.67.164.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.168.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.180.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.192.0/24AS4538Business2China Education and Research Network
59.67.193.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.194.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.200.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.202.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.204.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.206.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.208.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.216.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.220.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.224.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.240.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.248.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.249.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.250.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.67.252.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.0.0/18
since Apr 2023
AS4538Business43
1 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.68.64.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.80.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.84.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.92.0/22
since Jan 2025
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.96.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.112.0/23
since Oct 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.128.0/19
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.160.0/21
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.176.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.192.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.224.0/22
since Jul 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.228.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.232.0/23
since Jun 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.68.240.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.0.0/19
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.32.0/19
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.64.0/18
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.64.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.80.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.80.0/21
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.84.0/24
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.85.0/24
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.88.0/21
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.96.0/21
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.104.0/21
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.104.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.108.0/22
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.112.0/20
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.128.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.160.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.192.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.69.208.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.8.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.12.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.13.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.14.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.16.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.32.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.36.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.48.0/20AS4538Business16China Education and Research Network
59.70.48.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.64.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.80.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.96.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.112.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.128.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.135.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.160.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.168.0/21AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.70.176.0/20AS4538Business13China Education and Research Network
59.70.192.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.70.224.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.0.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.32.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.48.0/22
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.56.0/22
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.62.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.64.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.96.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.102.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.104.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.106.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.108.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.114.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.116.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.118.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.120.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.124.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.126.0/23
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.71.128.0/17
since Apr 2023
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.72.0.0/17AS4538Business103
5 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.72.128.0/18AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.72.192.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.72.192.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.72.224.0/21
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.16.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.64.0/18
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.128.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.160.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.168.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.73.192.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.0.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.32.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.36.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.39.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.40.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.43.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.46.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.48.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.50.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.55.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.56.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.57.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.58.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.61.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.63.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.64.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.96.0/20AS4538Business2China Education and Research Network
59.74.112.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.128.0/20
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.160.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.192.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.208.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.224.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.232.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.74.248.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.2.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.8.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.16.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.32.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.52.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.60.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.64.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.68.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.72.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.80.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.96.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.104.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.112.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.120.0/21AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.75.128.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.142.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.144.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.144.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.145.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.149.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.160.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.176.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.176.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.182.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.183.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.192.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.192.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.208.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.208.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.216.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.224.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.75.240.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.36.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.40.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.41.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.42.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.44.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.48.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.64.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.64.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.65.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.66.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.67.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.68.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.72.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.76.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.80.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.88.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.96.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.112.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.128.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.144.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.76.224.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.0.0/16
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business17China Education and Research Network
59.77.0.0/18
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business17China Education and Research Network
59.77.64.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.80.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.96.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.98.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.100.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.108.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.112.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.128.0/21
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.136.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.144.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.160.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.176.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.192.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.77.224.0/19
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.0.0/16
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business44China Education and Research Network
59.78.0.0/18
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.0.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.32.0/19AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.64.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.64.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.80.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.82.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.84.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.85.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.86.0/24AS4538Business14China Education and Research Network
59.78.87.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.88.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.96.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.112.0/20AS4538Business29China Education and Research Network
59.78.128.0/19AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.78.160.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.171.0/24
since Mar 2025
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.176.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.192.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.78.200.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.0.0/16
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538Business36
1 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.79.0.0/18AS4538Business18
1 always on
China Education and Research Network
59.79.64.0/19AS4538Business2China Education and Research Network
59.79.96.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.108.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.112.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.116.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.118.0/23AS4538Business6China Education and Research Network
59.79.120.0/22AS4538Business1China Education and Research Network
59.79.125.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.128.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.129.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.130.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.132.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.136.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.140.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.144.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.148.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.150.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.152.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.156.0/22
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.160.0/23AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.162.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.163.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.164.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.168.0/21AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.168.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.176.0/20AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.177.0/24
since Sep 18, 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.192.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.193.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.194.0/24AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.196.0/22AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network
59.79.208.0/23AS4538Business9China Education and Research Network
59.79.224.0/19
since May 2026
AS4538BusinessChina Education and Research Network

Registrations in this block

The registry's network records over the announcement: those covering it, widest first, then every record inside it, under its parent.

RangeAddressesNetnameHolderTypeCreatedAbuse contact
59.64.0.0/14262,144BJR-CERNETChina Education and Research NetworkALLOCATED PORTABLESep 4, 2008abuse@cernet.edu.cn
59.68.0.0/14262,144WHR-CERNETChina Education and Research NetworkALLOCATED PORTABLESep 4, 2008abuse@cernet.edu.cn
59.72.0.0/15131,072SYR-CERNETChina Education and Research NetworkALLOCATED PORTABLESep 4, 2008abuse@cernet.edu.cn
59.74.0.0 - 59.76.255.255196,608XAR-CERNETChina Education and Research NetworkALLOCATED PORTABLESep 4, 2008abuse@cernet.edu.cn
59.77.0.0 - 59.79.255.255196,608SHR-CERNETChina Education and Research NetworkALLOCATED PORTABLESep 4, 2008abuse@cernet.edu.cn

Network & registry

Routing timeline

Who has announced this prefix

Summary

Routing history

Pattern
Stable
First seen
May 2005
Current origin since
May 2005 · 22 yr
Origin networks
1